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Trouble anxieux

Publié le 4 février 2017 à 0:10

 

10 choses à savoir sur les troubles anxieux

 -Bien qu'elle touche tout le monde sans distinction d’âge, de sexe ou de milieu culturel, l’anxiété est plus ou moins présente selon les régions du monde concernées.

 

Aux États-Unis, par exemple, les formes les plus communes de maladie mentale sont les troubles de l’anxiété (phobie sociale, troubles obsessionnels compulsifs, agoraphobie, trouble panique, anxiété généralisée…) dont souffrent environ 18% des adultes, pour un coût total de 42 milliards de dollars par an.

 

Si la plus vaste étude mondiale jamais entreprise montre que notre pays est sans égal à cet égard, d’autres régions du monde, dont l’Europe de l’Ouest, affichent des taux particulièrement élevés. Qui plus est, au sein de la société américaine, certains groupes risquent davantage que d’autres d’en être affectés.

 

Olivia Remes, qui a mené ces travaux, étudie l’anxiété à l’université de Cambridge. Elle a passé au crible 48 des études les plus fiables ou les plus exhaustives sur la prévalence de l’anxiété à travers le monde, ce qui lui a permis d’identifier les cibles privilégiées par sexe et classe d’âge, mais aussi de combler les lacunes dans la compréhension de certains groupes.

 

“Il faut absolument multiplier les études sur la population gay, lesbienne et bisexuelle (LGBT), car elle souffre d’un réel problème d’anxiété”, souligne-t-elle. “De même, les aborigènes canadiens, américains, néo-zélandais et d’autres parties du monde présentent des risques accrus de mauvaise santé, sans parler de leur bien-être psychologique dont nous ne savons pratiquement rien.”

 

Pourquoi il faut tenir compte des troubles de l’anxiété?

 

En dépit de leur prévalence, et bien que cette affection invalidante nécessite un traitement, les troubles de l’anxiété continuent d’être minimisés.

 

Si un minimum d’anxiété peut nous aider à rester vigilants, les troubles non traités génèrent des sentiments de peur, voire de terreur, incontrôlables qui perturbent notre quotidien et nous empêchent de faire ce dont nous avons envie. Mieux les connaître permet de combattre les stigmates de la maladie mentale et de venir en aide à ceux qui en ont besoin.

 

“Ils sont facteurs de suicide, de handicap et de mauvaise qualité de vie”, ajoute Olivia Remes. “Si nous ne savons pas qui ils touchent en priorité, nous ne pouvons rien faire pour alléger ce fardeau humain et économique.”

 

Voici les 10 idées marquantes de cette enquête mondiale sur cette pathologie:

 

1. Les femmes ont deux fois plus de chances d’en être victimes que les hommes.

 

Dans les pays développés ou en développement, le risque pour les femmes continue à être 1,9 fois plus élevé que pour les hommes.

 

2. Les jeunes sont plus touchés.

 

Quel que soit le milieu culturel étudié, les moins de 35 ans sont plus vulnérables aux pathologies de ce type que leurs aînés. Et ce, dans tous les pays concernés, hormis le Pakistan, où la population d’âge mûr qui la plus affectée.

 

3. L’addiction aux opioïdes augmente les risques.

 

Chez les personnes qui abusent des opioïdes, on constate une présence de symptômes anxieux allant de 2 à 67% des sujets étudiés (les diagnostics avérés avoisinent les 29%). Chez les Américains, ce chiffre atteint 16%.

 

4. Les personnes souffrant de dépendance au jeu ou à internet y sont plus vulnérables.

 

Outre la dépendance aux opioïdes, le jeu pathologique et la cyberdépendance semblent constituer deux autres facteurs de risques. À l’échelle mondiale, 37% des joueurs pathologiques disent souffrir de troubles de l’anxiété. Les études sur la cyberdépendance (principalement dans les pays asiatiques) ont révélé une prévalence de l’anxiété deux fois plus importante que chez les groupes témoins.

 

5. Bien souvent, ils s’accompagnent d’autres maladies mentales et neurologiques.

 

Les personnes bipolaires, schizophrènes ou atteintes de sclérose en plaques sont plus à même de développer des troubles de l’anxiété. En Europe, 13 à 28% des bipolaires en souffrent. A travers le monde, 12% des schizophrènes sont victimes de troubles obsessionnels compulsifs. Enfin, près de 32% des individus atteints de sclérose en plaques, une maladie neurologique, sont victimes de troubles de l’anxiété (ou de symptômes anxieux pour plus de la moitié).

 

6. Des maladies apparemment sans lien entre elles entraînent des taux d’anxiété élevés.

 

Ceux qui souffrent de maladies cardiovasculaires, de cancers, de problèmes respiratoires, de diabète et d’autres maladies chroniques présentent plus de risques d’avoir des troubles de l’anxiété. Ainsi, 2 à 49% de ceux qui ont une insuffisance cardiaque congestive ont également des symptômes d’anxiété. Les attaques de panique, elles, touchent 10 à 50% des victimes de maladie coronarienne.

 

De leur côté, les patients atteints de cancer présentent des taux d’anxiété allant de 15 à 23%. Ce risque accru touche aussi les survivants et leurs conjoint-e-s. Dans le monde, les personnes à qui l’on a diagnostiqué un cancer il y a deux ans présentent un taux d’anxiété plus important que la moyenne (18% contre 14%). Quelque 40% de leurs conjoint-e-s en font aussi l’expérience.

 

7. Les personnes atteintes de maladies chroniques souffrent également d’anxiété.

 

Comparés aux groupes témoins, les diabétiques risquent davantage de développer des troubles ou des symptômes d’anxiété, et les femmes plus que les hommes. L’anxiété est par exemple présente chez 55% des femmes diabétiques et 33% des hommes.

 

8. Ils pourraient être la conséquence d’un traumatisme.

 

Les gens qui ont subi un traumatisme peuvent également avoir des taux inhabituellement élevés d’anxiété. Des enquêtes menées auprès de vétérans britanniques et américains dont les membres ont été amputés révèlent qu’elle affecte entre un quart et plus de la moitié d’entre eux. Quant à ceux qui ont été victimes d’agressions sexuelles, ils affichent des taux d’anxiété allant de 2 à 82%.

 

9. L’anxiété est à surveiller durant la grossesse.

 

Alors qu’on constate un taux de troubles obsessionnels compulsifs de 1% dans la population mondiale, ce chiffre est de 2 et 2,4% respectivement chez les femmes enceintes et en post-partum.

 

Selon des enquêtes menées en Ethiopie et au Nigéria, l’anxiété touche davantage les femmes enceintes et celles qui viennent d’accoucher (respectivement 15 et 14%), et plus encore les femmes jeunes.

 

10. Certaines sous-catégories vulnérables sont plus exposées.

 

Dans les pays occidentaux, la population gay, lesbienne ou bisexuelle, et notamment féminine, connaît des taux d’anxiété plus élevés que la normale. On estime que 3 à 20% des hommes y sont confrontés, contre 3 à 39% des femmes.

 

Les symptômes sont également plus fréquents chez les personnes âgées, particulièrement chez celles qui souffrent de dysfonction cognitive. 11 à 75% des seniors atteints de légers troubles cognitifs présentent des problèmes d’anxiété. Qui plus est, 4 à 77% du personnel soignant déclarent lui aussi en souffrir.

 

Olivia Remes souhaite que ses recherches, qui mettent l’accent sur les populations les plus affectées, incitent les pouvoirs publics et les systèmes de santé à faire bénéficier ces groupes à haut risque de ressources, et de meilleures méthodes de dépistages et d’interventions.

 

“J’espère que notre enquête les conduira à envisager l’anxiété comme un problème majeur et aboutira à une multiplication des recherches afin que ceux qui en sont les victimes puissent obtenir l’aide et les traitements dont ils ont besoin”, conclut-elle. “La santé mentale est un droit fondamental.”

 

Cet article, publié à l’origine sur le Huffington Post américain, a été traduit par Catherine Biros pour Fast for Word.

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