Blog

Blog

Cinq façons d'aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l'espace

Publié le 13 août 2019 à 15:40

Cinq façons d’aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l’espace

Auteurs

Kym Simoncini

Assistant Professor in Early Childhood and Primary Education, University of Canberra

Tracy Logan

Assistant Professor, University of Canberra

Les puzzles apprennent aux enfants à jongler avec toute une série de paramètres spatiaux.

Quand nous devons lire un plan, préparer le coffre de la voiture pour les vacances, monter un meuble en kit ou découper un gâteau en parts égales, nous faisons appel à des compétences en raisonnement spatial.

Celles-ci nous permettent de manipuler mentalement des objets ou d’inclure dans nos paramètres de réflexion les notions d’espace, de position, de surface et de taille.

Ce type de raisonnement est important non seulement dans la vie de tous les jours mais également quand on veut embrasser une carrière dans les sciences, la technologie, l’ingénierie ou les maths.

L’aisance d’un enfant en matière de raisonnement spatial est l’un des meilleurs moyens de prédire s’il se tournera vers un métier scientifique ou technique. Ces compétences sont tout particulièrement en jeu dans les emplois où l’on doit par exemple lire et créer des images graphiques ou ultra-sonores, des dessins techniques et des plans d’architecte, ou même les coupes transversales d’un système de chauffage et de plomberie.

Elles vont de pair avec de bonnes aptitudes en maths. De fait, les facilités en maths des enfants en bas âge sont un indice bien plus sûr de leur future réussite scolaire que leur précocité en lecture ou leurs qualités sociales et émotionnelles.

La bonne nouvelle, en ce qui concerne les compétences de raisonnement spatial, c’est qu’elles sont malléables. En d’autres termes, on peut les améliorer en les pratiquant.

Il y a beaucoup d’activités amusantes et faciles que les parents ou éducateurs peuvent faire avec leurs enfants pour les aider à aiguiser ce type de raisonnement. En voici cinq fondées sur les enseignements de la recherche.

Jouer avec des cubes

Alors qu’on sait en général que les jeux de cubes développent la motricité fine, les compétences sociales, linguistiques et cognitives, peu de gens sont conscients qu’ils sont étroitement liés au raisonnement dans l’espace.

Les enfants qui jouent avec des cubes ou des briques de construction ont plus de facilités à se repérer dans l’espace que les autres enfants. Cette activité suppose en effet de savoir gérer une multitude de pièces à tourner, déplacer et repositionner. Les jeux dans lesquels les enfants doivent reproduire une structure donnée à partir d’instructions sont tout particulièrement utiles.

Tout en jouant, on utilise aussi un vocabulaire spécifique – avec des propositions comme « à côté de », « au-dessus de », « en dessous de » – ce qui est important pour élaborer des représentations. En fait, les enfants et les adultes ont beaucoup plus recours à ces expressions dans ce type de jeux que dans les autres, y compris les jeux d’imitation (jouer à la marchande, au prof, au chef cuisinier…;), les jeux avec des figurines ou les jeux de balles.

Développer leur vocabulaire

Le langage est un appui important pour raisonner dans l’espace. Plus les enfants entendent ce vocabulaire spécifique, plus ils l’intégreront. Les enfants qui ont les connaissances les plus étendues dans le domaine sont susceptibles de mieux se repérer dans l’espace en grandissant.

Les parents peuvent contribuer à cette facilité d’expression en utilisant des mots pour décrire les objets d’après :

leurs dimensions (grand, petit, court, large, étroit)

leur forme (cercle, carré, triangle, ovale, rectangle)

leurs propriétés (rond, droit, courbe, pointu)

Quand vous demandez à des enfants de ranger leurs affaires, soyez aussi précis que possible sur les emplacements. Dites-leur par exemple de « jeter la boîte dans la poubelle de recyclage », de « déposer les livres sur l’étagère » ou de « mettre la pâte à modeler à côté du micro-ondes ».

Faire des puzzles

À l’instar de ce qui se passe avec les cubes, il existe des liens bénéfiques entre la pratique des puzzles et l’aptitude à se situer dans l’espace. Les enfants qui font des puzzles ont plus de facilités pour se repérer que ceux qui n’en font pas. Comme dans les jeux de briques, il faut en effet tourner et déplacer simultanément un grand nombre de pièces.

Lorsque des enfants se lancent dans un puzzle, nous pouvons les encourager à persévérer et les aider à imaginer quelles pièces pourraient convenir, soit en se basant sur leurs formes (« il nous faut une pièce avec un bord plat »;), soit en visualisant les éléments manquants de l’image (« nous avons besoin de feuilles couleur vert clair »;).

Assurons-nous aussi que la taille du puzzle n’excède pas leurs capacités – il faut que ce ne soit pas trop facile mais pas trop dur non plus. Combien d’entre nous n’ont-ils pas renoncé à un puzzle de 1 000 pièces représentant pour 800 d’entre elles le ciel ou la mer ?

Utiliser des plans

Des cartes, il y en a tout autour de nous. Elles figurent les liens spatiaux entre les objets dans le monde réel. Les plus jeunes adorent regarder et créer des plans. Des études auprès d’enfants d’âge pré-scolaire ont montré que la consultation et l’usage de plans aidaient les enfants à mieux circuler quand ils doivent se retrouver dans un dédale d’objets.

Des jeux comme les chasses au trésor à partir de cartes et de symboles directionnels (à gauche, à droit, en haut, en bas, vers le nord ou le sud) sont un moyen divertissant d’aider les enfants à raisonner dans l’espace.

Explorer et créer des cartes de toutes sortes, depuis des planisphères aux plans de centres commerciaux, en passant par les plans de quartier, voilà qui aide à comprendre comment le monde qui nous entoure peut se représenter de différentes façons et à différentes échelles. Les cartes à déplier et les cartes numériques comme Google Maps et Google Earth sont de merveilleuses ressources.

Donner de l’importance aux gestes

Beaucoup de gens s’expriment en faisant des gestes, et c’est particulièrement vrai quand ils parlent d’espace, par exemple quand il s’agit d’indiquer des directions.

D’autres recherches montrent que les professions scientifiques et techniques font la part belle aux gestes quand il s’agit de résoudre des problèmes liés à l’espace et que les étudiants exposés à cette gestuelle pendant leur formation s’en sortent mieux face aux tâches à résoudre.

Les enfants devraient être encouragés à se servir de leurs mains quand ils doivent expliquer des mouvements ou indiquer des lieux ou des objets. Et les parents peuvent leur montrer l’exemple.

Traduit de l’anglais par Aurélie Djavadi.

Catégories : Aucun

Publier un commentaire

Oups !

Oops, you forgot something.

Oups !

Les mots que vous avez saisis ne correspondent pas au texte affiché. Veuillez réessayer.

6690 commentaires

Répondre pandora jewelry
à 20:38 le 19 janvier 2021 
I intended to post you this very little remark in order to thank you so much over again for your wonderful concepts you have provided on this page. This has been really generous of you to present openly precisely what a lot of folks could have distributed as an e-book to get some profit for themselves, principally now that you might well have tried it if you ever wanted. These principles additionally served like the great way to understand that the rest have similar dreams much like mine to know the truth good deal more when it comes to this matter. Certainly there are several more pleasant sessions ahead for those who look over your blog.
pandora jewelry http://www.pandorascharms.us
Répondre canada goose
à 20:38 le 19 janvier 2021 
I not to mention my buddies were taking note of the excellent thoughts from the blog then all of the sudden I had a horrible suspicion I had not expressed respect to the site owner for those techniques. The men appeared to be as a consequence glad to learn them and now have undoubtedly been making the most of those things. Appreciate your indeed being so helpful and also for making a choice on varieties of brilliant useful guides most people are really desperate to know about. My sincere regret for not saying thanks to earlier.
canada goose http://www.canadagoosesoutlet.us
Répondre curry 6
à 21:23 le 19 janvier 2021 
I really wanted to write a quick message so as to express gratitude to you for those lovely instructions you are writing at this website. My incredibly long internet research has now been rewarded with awesome facts and strategies to talk about with my companions. I 'd say that many of us website visitors actually are rather lucky to dwell in a notable site with so many brilliant professionals with useful pointers. I feel truly fortunate to have encountered your weblog and look forward to so many more amazing minutes reading here. Thanks once more for everything.
curry 6 http://www.curry6shoes.us
Répondre hermes belt
à 22:10 le 19 janvier 2021 
I as well as my guys came following the excellent tips and tricks located on your site then immediately I got an awful suspicion I never thanked the site owner for those strategies. Those ladies appeared to be as a result very interested to see them and already have in reality been taking advantage of these things. I appreciate you for actually being considerably helpful and for picking out this sort of awesome topics millions of individuals are really desperate to be informed on. Our own sincere regret for not expressing gratitude to you earlier.
hermes belt http://www.hermesbelts.com
Répondre off white jordan 1
à 22:16 le 19 janvier 2021 
Thanks for each of your efforts on this site. My aunt loves doing research and it's easy to see why. We learn all of the lively medium you produce simple strategies on your blog and foster response from website visitors on this theme while my girl is becoming educated a whole lot. Enjoy the rest of the year. You're the one doing a pretty cool job.
off white jordan 1 http://www.offwhitexjordan1.com
Répondre lebron james shoes
à 22:33 le 19 janvier 2021 
A lot of thanks for each of your hard work on this site. Debby really loves doing investigation and it's really easy to understand why. I hear all relating to the compelling means you deliver both useful and interesting ideas through the web blog and even boost response from other ones on the situation plus our favorite daughter is being taught a lot. Enjoy the remaining portion of the new year. You're the one carrying out a stunning job.
lebron james shoes http://www.lebron18.us
Répondre cheap jordans
à 23:29 le 19 janvier 2021 
Thanks for your own labor on this web site. Ellie really loves setting aside time for investigations and it's obvious why. Almost all hear all concerning the dynamic means you convey advantageous things via this web site and inspire contribution from others about this topic then our girl has been discovering so much. Have fun with the rest of the year. You're the one conducting a useful job.
cheap jordans http://www.jordansforcheap.us.com
Répondre golden goose outlet
à 2:12 le 20 janvier 2021 
I would like to show some thanks to you for bailing me out of such a problem. As a result of looking throughout the world wide web and getting ways which were not pleasant, I thought my life was over. Living minus the strategies to the issues you've solved by way of your short post is a critical case, and the ones that would have in a negative way damaged my entire career if I had not noticed your site. Your primary competence and kindness in dealing with all the pieces was crucial. I am not sure what I would have done if I had not come upon such a solution like this. It's possible to at this moment look forward to my future. Thank you very much for this high quality and amazing help. I will not think twice to recommend your web page to any individual who would like guidelines on this subject matter.
golden goose outlet http://www.goldengooses.us
Répondre longchamp
à 5:45 le 20 janvier 2021 
Thank you for your entire labor on this site. Betty really loves managing investigations and it's really easy to understand why. Most people learn all concerning the powerful mode you create simple tactics through the blog and even inspire contribution from some others on the article plus our favorite child is certainly becoming educated so much. Have fun with the remaining portion of the new year. You are always carrying out a good job.
longchamp http://www.handbagslongchamp.us
Répondre kyrie 5
à 10:06 le 20 janvier 2021 
I want to show some appreciation to the writer just for bailing me out of this type of situation. Because of looking throughout the the net and getting proposals which are not beneficial, I believed my life was done. Existing without the strategies to the difficulties you have solved as a result of this article content is a critical case, and the ones that might have in a negative way damaged my career if I had not noticed your web page. Your own competence and kindness in taking care of the whole thing was very useful. I am not sure what I would've done if I had not come upon such a step like this. I can also now relish my future. Thanks for your time very much for this reliable and result oriented help. I won't be reluctant to refer your web blog to any individual who needs guide about this problem.
kyrie 5 http://www.kyrie5.org
Répondre cheap jordans
à 17:51 le 20 janvier 2021 
I precisely wished to say thanks all over again. I'm not certain the things that I would have made to happen without the entire information contributed by you relating to that area. It was before a frustrating condition in my circumstances, but taking note of a new specialised strategy you resolved the issue took me to cry for delight. I'm just happier for your advice and then hope that you are aware of a powerful job you have been providing training other individuals thru a web site. I am certain you haven't come across any of us.
cheap jordans http://www.cheap-airjordans.us.com
Répondre golden goose sneakers
à 18:56 le 20 janvier 2021 
Thanks for each of your labor on this web page. Kim loves managing investigation and it's simple to grasp why. Many of us hear all of the dynamic ways you create powerful techniques on this blog and as well invigorate participation from other people on that point while our child is actually being taught a whole lot. Enjoy the rest of the year. You're the one doing a glorious job.
golden goose sneakers http://www.goldengoosesneakers.us.org
Répondre golden goose
à 19:21 le 20 janvier 2021 
I really wanted to write a small remark so as to express gratitude to you for all of the splendid suggestions you are posting at this site. My time consuming internet look up has finally been honored with professional information to talk about with my neighbours. I would state that that we website visitors are really endowed to exist in a really good site with so many brilliant people with good principles. I feel somewhat blessed to have encountered your web site and look forward to so many more entertaining minutes reading here. Thanks a lot once more for everything.
golden goose http://www.goldengoosesneakers.us.org
Répondre yeezy boost 350 v2
à 22:02 le 20 janvier 2021 
I wanted to compose a quick message so as to thank you for all the great tricks you are giving out on this site. My extended internet lookup has at the end been recognized with good details to go over with my close friends. I would assert that most of us site visitors are really endowed to dwell in a really good community with very many marvellous individuals with good tricks. I feel rather grateful to have discovered your web page and look forward to really more pleasurable moments reading here. Thank you once more for everything.
yeezy boost 350 v2 http://www.yeezy-v2.com
Répondre yeezy 350
à 22:26 le 20 janvier 2021 
I precisely needed to thank you very much again. I do not know the things I might have tried in the absence of the actual thoughts shown by you directly on my subject matter. It became a very troublesome dilemma in my view, but encountering the very expert style you processed the issue forced me to cry with gladness. I'm just happy for your work and hope that you are aware of a powerful job you are doing teaching other individuals through the use of your web blog. Probably you have never met any of us.
yeezy 350 http://www.yeezy350boostv2s.us
Répondre jordan shoes
à 23:33 le 20 janvier 2021 
Needed to compose you a little word to be able to thank you once again for these fantastic strategies you've discussed at this time. It is quite shockingly open-handed of people like you to offer without restraint exactly what a number of people would've distributed as an e book in making some profit on their own, notably now that you could have tried it in the event you decided. The strategies additionally served like a good way to be sure that other individuals have a similar zeal like mine to know somewhat more concerning this problem. I'm certain there are lots of more enjoyable sessions in the future for individuals who go through your website.
jordan shoes http://www.jordanstoreonline.com
Répondre yeezy shoes
à 23:43 le 20 janvier 2021 
I simply needed to thank you very much again. I'm not certain the things that I could possibly have made to happen without the hints revealed by you concerning my problem. It seemed to be the difficult issue in my opinion, nevertheless taking note of a skilled form you handled that forced me to jump over happiness. I'm grateful for this service and hope that you comprehend what a great job that you are putting in teaching people thru a blog. I'm certain you have never encountered all of us.
yeezy shoes http://www.adidasyeezyshoes.com
Répondre yeezy 350
à 23:55 le 20 janvier 2021 
I needed to write you the little remark to give thanks yet again for these fantastic views you've provided in this article. It has been quite incredibly generous of people like you to supply extensively all a number of us could possibly have marketed as an electronic book to help make some bucks on their own, and in particular seeing that you might well have tried it if you wanted. These things additionally acted like the great way to comprehend someone else have similar zeal much like my personal own to figure out somewhat more pertaining to this matter. I am sure there are a lot more enjoyable occasions ahead for folks who look into your blog post.
yeezy 350 http://www.yeezy-350.us.com
Répondre yeezy boost 350
à 1:26 le 21 janvier 2021 
I want to express some appreciation to you for bailing me out of such a predicament. As a result of looking out through the search engines and meeting ways that were not pleasant, I thought my life was done. Existing without the presence of answers to the issues you have resolved by means of your entire blog post is a critical case, and the ones which might have in a wrong way damaged my career if I hadn't discovered your web page. Your good mastery and kindness in maneuvering all areas was crucial. I'm not sure what I would have done if I hadn't come upon such a stuff like this. I am able to at this time look ahead to my future. Thank you so much for the expert and sensible help. I will not think twice to endorse your blog to any person who needs counselling about this problem.
yeezy boost 350 http://www.yeezy-boost.us.com
Répondre a bathing ape
à 1:26 le 21 janvier 2021 
I have to point out my love for your kindness supporting people that really want assistance with that content. Your very own dedication to passing the message all around appeared to be exceptionally interesting and has usually helped workers just like me to achieve their desired goals. Your entire invaluable recommendations signifies this much a person like me and further more to my fellow workers. Best wishes; from everyone of us.
a bathing ape http://www.bape-clothing.us
0