Blog

Blog

Cinq façons d'aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l'espace

Publié le 13 août 2019 à 15:40

Cinq façons d’aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l’espace

Auteurs

Kym Simoncini

Assistant Professor in Early Childhood and Primary Education, University of Canberra

Tracy Logan

Assistant Professor, University of Canberra

Les puzzles apprennent aux enfants à jongler avec toute une série de paramètres spatiaux.

Quand nous devons lire un plan, préparer le coffre de la voiture pour les vacances, monter un meuble en kit ou découper un gâteau en parts égales, nous faisons appel à des compétences en raisonnement spatial.

Celles-ci nous permettent de manipuler mentalement des objets ou d’inclure dans nos paramètres de réflexion les notions d’espace, de position, de surface et de taille.

Ce type de raisonnement est important non seulement dans la vie de tous les jours mais également quand on veut embrasser une carrière dans les sciences, la technologie, l’ingénierie ou les maths.

L’aisance d’un enfant en matière de raisonnement spatial est l’un des meilleurs moyens de prédire s’il se tournera vers un métier scientifique ou technique. Ces compétences sont tout particulièrement en jeu dans les emplois où l’on doit par exemple lire et créer des images graphiques ou ultra-sonores, des dessins techniques et des plans d’architecte, ou même les coupes transversales d’un système de chauffage et de plomberie.

Elles vont de pair avec de bonnes aptitudes en maths. De fait, les facilités en maths des enfants en bas âge sont un indice bien plus sûr de leur future réussite scolaire que leur précocité en lecture ou leurs qualités sociales et émotionnelles.

La bonne nouvelle, en ce qui concerne les compétences de raisonnement spatial, c’est qu’elles sont malléables. En d’autres termes, on peut les améliorer en les pratiquant.

Il y a beaucoup d’activités amusantes et faciles que les parents ou éducateurs peuvent faire avec leurs enfants pour les aider à aiguiser ce type de raisonnement. En voici cinq fondées sur les enseignements de la recherche.

Jouer avec des cubes

Alors qu’on sait en général que les jeux de cubes développent la motricité fine, les compétences sociales, linguistiques et cognitives, peu de gens sont conscients qu’ils sont étroitement liés au raisonnement dans l’espace.

Les enfants qui jouent avec des cubes ou des briques de construction ont plus de facilités à se repérer dans l’espace que les autres enfants. Cette activité suppose en effet de savoir gérer une multitude de pièces à tourner, déplacer et repositionner. Les jeux dans lesquels les enfants doivent reproduire une structure donnée à partir d’instructions sont tout particulièrement utiles.

Tout en jouant, on utilise aussi un vocabulaire spécifique – avec des propositions comme « à côté de », « au-dessus de », « en dessous de » – ce qui est important pour élaborer des représentations. En fait, les enfants et les adultes ont beaucoup plus recours à ces expressions dans ce type de jeux que dans les autres, y compris les jeux d’imitation (jouer à la marchande, au prof, au chef cuisinier…;), les jeux avec des figurines ou les jeux de balles.

Développer leur vocabulaire

Le langage est un appui important pour raisonner dans l’espace. Plus les enfants entendent ce vocabulaire spécifique, plus ils l’intégreront. Les enfants qui ont les connaissances les plus étendues dans le domaine sont susceptibles de mieux se repérer dans l’espace en grandissant.

Les parents peuvent contribuer à cette facilité d’expression en utilisant des mots pour décrire les objets d’après :

leurs dimensions (grand, petit, court, large, étroit)

leur forme (cercle, carré, triangle, ovale, rectangle)

leurs propriétés (rond, droit, courbe, pointu)

Quand vous demandez à des enfants de ranger leurs affaires, soyez aussi précis que possible sur les emplacements. Dites-leur par exemple de « jeter la boîte dans la poubelle de recyclage », de « déposer les livres sur l’étagère » ou de « mettre la pâte à modeler à côté du micro-ondes ».

Faire des puzzles

À l’instar de ce qui se passe avec les cubes, il existe des liens bénéfiques entre la pratique des puzzles et l’aptitude à se situer dans l’espace. Les enfants qui font des puzzles ont plus de facilités pour se repérer que ceux qui n’en font pas. Comme dans les jeux de briques, il faut en effet tourner et déplacer simultanément un grand nombre de pièces.

Lorsque des enfants se lancent dans un puzzle, nous pouvons les encourager à persévérer et les aider à imaginer quelles pièces pourraient convenir, soit en se basant sur leurs formes (« il nous faut une pièce avec un bord plat »;), soit en visualisant les éléments manquants de l’image (« nous avons besoin de feuilles couleur vert clair »;).

Assurons-nous aussi que la taille du puzzle n’excède pas leurs capacités – il faut que ce ne soit pas trop facile mais pas trop dur non plus. Combien d’entre nous n’ont-ils pas renoncé à un puzzle de 1 000 pièces représentant pour 800 d’entre elles le ciel ou la mer ?

Utiliser des plans

Des cartes, il y en a tout autour de nous. Elles figurent les liens spatiaux entre les objets dans le monde réel. Les plus jeunes adorent regarder et créer des plans. Des études auprès d’enfants d’âge pré-scolaire ont montré que la consultation et l’usage de plans aidaient les enfants à mieux circuler quand ils doivent se retrouver dans un dédale d’objets.

Des jeux comme les chasses au trésor à partir de cartes et de symboles directionnels (à gauche, à droit, en haut, en bas, vers le nord ou le sud) sont un moyen divertissant d’aider les enfants à raisonner dans l’espace.

Explorer et créer des cartes de toutes sortes, depuis des planisphères aux plans de centres commerciaux, en passant par les plans de quartier, voilà qui aide à comprendre comment le monde qui nous entoure peut se représenter de différentes façons et à différentes échelles. Les cartes à déplier et les cartes numériques comme Google Maps et Google Earth sont de merveilleuses ressources.

Donner de l’importance aux gestes

Beaucoup de gens s’expriment en faisant des gestes, et c’est particulièrement vrai quand ils parlent d’espace, par exemple quand il s’agit d’indiquer des directions.

D’autres recherches montrent que les professions scientifiques et techniques font la part belle aux gestes quand il s’agit de résoudre des problèmes liés à l’espace et que les étudiants exposés à cette gestuelle pendant leur formation s’en sortent mieux face aux tâches à résoudre.

Les enfants devraient être encouragés à se servir de leurs mains quand ils doivent expliquer des mouvements ou indiquer des lieux ou des objets. Et les parents peuvent leur montrer l’exemple.

Traduit de l’anglais par Aurélie Djavadi.

Catégories : Aucun

Publier un commentaire

Oups !

Oops, you forgot something.

Oups !

Les mots que vous avez saisis ne correspondent pas au texte affiché. Veuillez réessayer.

6679 commentaires

Répondre jordan 6
à 9:38 le 27 juin 2021 
Thank you a lot for giving everyone an extremely remarkable opportunity to discover important secrets from this website. It's usually so terrific and also full of a great time for me and my office acquaintances to search your website at a minimum three times per week to read through the fresh things you have got. And lastly, I am just actually motivated with the awesome information you serve. Selected 2 points in this article are ultimately the most beneficial I've ever had.
jordan 6 http://www.jordan6.us.com
Répondre supreme sweatshirt
à 10:23 le 27 juin 2021 
I precisely needed to thank you so much yet again. I do not know the things I would've gone through in the absence of the entire smart ideas shown by you directly on such area. It absolutely was an absolute depressing condition in my circumstances, but viewing your specialised technique you treated it made me to weep for gladness. I am just happier for the guidance and then wish you know what a powerful job you are always putting in instructing the others through a site. I am sure you've never come across any of us.
supreme sweatshirt http://www.supremeshirt.us.com
Répondre supreme sweatshirt
à 11:21 le 27 juin 2021 
I really wanted to type a brief note to say thanks to you for some of the stunning pointers you are sharing at this website. My incredibly long internet look up has now been paid with excellent knowledge to exchange with my neighbours. I 'd admit that many of us visitors are very much blessed to dwell in a fabulous network with many perfect people with useful tricks. I feel quite privileged to have encountered your entire website page and look forward to plenty of more fabulous times reading here. Thank you again for a lot of things.
supreme sweatshirt http://www.supremeshirt.us.com
Répondre a bathing ape
à 11:38 le 27 juin 2021 
I and my guys were examining the good items located on your web page then all of the sudden got a terrible suspicion I had not expressed respect to the site owner for them. My men appeared to be absolutely thrilled to study all of them and have in effect very much been making the most of these things. Appreciation for genuinely so kind and also for pick out such important topics most people are really desperate to know about. My sincere apologies for not expressing gratitude to you sooner.
a bathing ape http://www.bathing-ape.us
Répondre supreme
à 12:16 le 27 juin 2021 
I truly wanted to make a quick comment in order to say thanks to you for the magnificent guides you are giving on this website. My extended internet investigation has at the end of the day been rewarded with brilliant information to write about with my friends and classmates. I would admit that many of us readers are undeniably endowed to live in a superb network with so many marvellous individuals with great plans. I feel very much happy to have used the webpage and look forward to some more enjoyable times reading here. Thanks a lot again for a lot of things.
supreme http://www.supremes.us.org
Répondre curry 7 sour patch
à 13:13 le 27 juin 2021 
Thanks a lot for giving everyone such a wonderful possiblity to read in detail from here. It is always so great plus full of a good time for me personally and my office colleagues to search the blog particularly 3 times in 7 days to see the latest stuff you will have. And of course, I am just certainly impressed with the superb points you serve. Certain 4 areas in this article are in fact the most suitable I've had.
curry 7 sour patch http://www.curry7.us
Répondre kd13
à 13:31 le 27 juin 2021 
I as well as my guys came examining the great secrets and techniques from your website while immediately I had a terrible feeling I never expressed respect to the blog owner for them. My young boys appeared to be as a consequence joyful to read all of them and have absolutely been taking advantage of them. Appreciation for getting so kind and then for making a decision on this kind of perfect information most people are really wanting to be aware of. My very own honest apologies for not expressing gratitude to you earlier.
kd13 http://www.kd13shoes.us
Répondre curry shoes
à 13:51 le 27 juin 2021 
I wanted to compose you this very small observation to finally say thanks a lot as before on your amazing information you have shared here. This is remarkably generous of people like you to deliver unreservedly all a lot of people might have offered as an e-book in making some cash for themselves, certainly considering that you could have done it in the event you wanted. Those secrets likewise served to be a fantastic way to be aware that other people have similar zeal similar to mine to learn a lot more when it comes to this matter. I'm certain there are a lot more pleasurable opportunities up front for individuals that read your website.
curry shoes http://www.curryshoes.us.com
Répondre yeezy 500
à 14:05 le 27 juin 2021 
I would like to express thanks to this writer for bailing me out of such a scenario. As a result of scouting through the world-wide-web and meeting tips which were not helpful, I believed my entire life was over. Existing without the presence of answers to the difficulties you have sorted out by means of this report is a critical case, and ones which might have in a negative way affected my career if I had not encountered your blog. Your training and kindness in controlling everything was very useful. I don't know what I would have done if I had not come across such a solution like this. I am able to at this point look ahead to my future. Thanks very much for your specialized and sensible help. I won't be reluctant to endorse your blog to any person who wants and needs direction about this situation.
yeezy 500 http://www.yeezy-shoes.us.org
Répondre yeezy boost 350
à 14:37 le 27 juin 2021 
My wife and i were really comfortable when Ervin could finish off his studies because of the ideas he had in your blog. It is now and again perplexing to simply happen to be giving for free instructions which most people have been making money from. We realize we've got the writer to give thanks to because of that. The main explanations you have made, the straightforward blog menu, the relationships you will make it possible to instill - it's got all wonderful, and it's making our son in addition to the family recognize that that concept is fun, which is certainly rather pressing. Thanks for all!
yeezy boost 350 http://www.yeezy350boost.us.com
Répondre golden goose outlet
à 15:51 le 27 juin 2021 
My spouse and i got really relieved Michael could carry out his survey through your ideas he acquired while using the web page. It's not at all simplistic just to possibly be giving out guidelines which usually people might have been trying to sell. And now we do understand we have the blog owner to appreciate for this. The entire explanations you've made, the easy website menu, the friendships you can give support to engender - it's everything excellent, and it's really assisting our son in addition to our family believe that that subject matter is thrilling, which is certainly particularly indispensable. Thanks for the whole lot!
golden goose outlet http://www.goldengooseofficial.com
Répondre jordan 11
à 16:51 le 27 juin 2021 
My husband and i felt absolutely lucky when Raymond managed to round up his survey with the ideas he acquired in your blog. It is now and again perplexing to just continually be freely giving hints some others might have been trying to sell. So we remember we have got you to thank because of that. These illustrations you have made, the straightforward blog menu, the relationships you will assist to create - it is everything amazing, and it's making our son in addition to us understand the issue is brilliant, which is seriously mandatory. Many thanks for all the pieces!
jordan 11 http://www.jordan11retro.us.com
Répondre yeezy 700
à 18:19 le 27 juin 2021 
I have to point out my affection for your kindness supporting people that require assistance with this one subject matter. Your real dedication to getting the solution all-around appeared to be really helpful and have continually helped most people just like me to realize their ambitions. This interesting information entails much a person like me and even more to my office workers. Many thanks; from all of us.
yeezy 700 http://www.yeezy700.us.com
Répondre supreme clothing
à 19:04 le 27 juin 2021 
I and my pals came viewing the excellent thoughts from the blog while all of a sudden I had a terrible suspicion I never expressed respect to you for them. Most of the women became so stimulated to study them and have really been taking pleasure in these things. Thank you for getting really helpful and for obtaining this kind of awesome themes most people are really desirous to discover. My very own honest apologies for not expressing gratitude to you earlier.
supreme clothing http://www.supremes-clothing.com
Répondre yeezy shoes
à 19:29 le 27 juin 2021 
I precisely wished to thank you very much again. I am not sure what I would've handled in the absence of the entire smart ideas shown by you relating to such a area. It was an absolute troublesome circumstance for me, but noticing the skilled approach you resolved it took me to leap over gladness. I will be happier for the service and thus hope that you find out what a powerful job you are always getting into instructing people today thru a site. Probably you have never met all of us.
yeezy shoes http://www.yeezy-sneakers.us
Répondre golden goose sneakers
à 19:50 le 27 juin 2021 
I together with my guys happened to be going through the great helpful tips found on your web site while suddenly got a horrible feeling I had not expressed respect to the website owner for those techniques. These boys happened to be as a result passionate to read all of them and have honestly been tapping into those things. Appreciate your actually being so thoughtful and then for going for certain perfect ideas most people are really needing to discover. My honest regret for not expressing gratitude to earlier.
golden goose sneakers http://www.goldengoose-sneakers.us
Répondre kobe shoes
à 20:48 le 27 juin 2021 
My wife and i got really cheerful Edward could finish up his analysis by way of the precious recommendations he had while using the site. It's not at all simplistic just to choose to be making a gift of information and facts which usually most people might have been trying to sell. We really recognize we have got the blog owner to be grateful to because of that. All of the explanations you've made, the easy blog menu, the friendships you assist to promote - it's mostly impressive, and it is assisting our son in addition to our family know that this matter is cool, and that's very essential. Many thanks for everything!
kobe shoes http://www.kobe.us.com
Répondre giannis shoes
à 21:32 le 27 juin 2021 
I wanted to create you a very little word in order to say thanks over again for these pretty methods you have provided in this case. It has been quite remarkably generous with you to make unreservedly exactly what a lot of folks could have sold as an electronic book to generate some cash for themselves, certainly now that you might well have tried it in case you considered necessary. Those creative ideas additionally worked as a fantastic way to comprehend someone else have the same dream the same as my own to know the truth a lot more regarding this condition. I think there are many more enjoyable sessions in the future for individuals that check out your website.
giannis shoes http://www.giannisantetokounmposhoes.us
Répondre giannis antetokounmpo shoes
à 21:59 le 27 juin 2021 
A lot of thanks for each of your labor on this site. My mother loves carrying out investigations and it is obvious why. Most of us notice all of the compelling means you convey practical ideas through your web blog and therefore improve participation from people on that issue so my girl is undoubtedly being taught a lot of things. Take pleasure in the remaining portion of the year. You are conducting a tremendous job.
giannis antetokounmpo shoes http://www.giannisantetokounmposhoes.us
Répondre kd shoes
à 23:53 le 27 juin 2021 
I am glad for commenting to make you know of the impressive encounter my cousin's daughter enjoyed reading your site. She realized several issues, with the inclusion of how it is like to have an incredible coaching spirit to let many more without problems have an understanding of selected tortuous subject areas. You really exceeded our desires. Many thanks for giving these warm and friendly, trustworthy, explanatory and in addition fun tips on your topic to Julie.
kd shoes http://www.kd13shoes.us
0