Blog

Blog

Cinq façons d'aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l'espace

Publié le 13 août 2019 à 15:40

Cinq façons d’aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l’espace

Auteurs

Kym Simoncini

Assistant Professor in Early Childhood and Primary Education, University of Canberra

Tracy Logan

Assistant Professor, University of Canberra

Les puzzles apprennent aux enfants à jongler avec toute une série de paramètres spatiaux.

Quand nous devons lire un plan, préparer le coffre de la voiture pour les vacances, monter un meuble en kit ou découper un gâteau en parts égales, nous faisons appel à des compétences en raisonnement spatial.

Celles-ci nous permettent de manipuler mentalement des objets ou d’inclure dans nos paramètres de réflexion les notions d’espace, de position, de surface et de taille.

Ce type de raisonnement est important non seulement dans la vie de tous les jours mais également quand on veut embrasser une carrière dans les sciences, la technologie, l’ingénierie ou les maths.

L’aisance d’un enfant en matière de raisonnement spatial est l’un des meilleurs moyens de prédire s’il se tournera vers un métier scientifique ou technique. Ces compétences sont tout particulièrement en jeu dans les emplois où l’on doit par exemple lire et créer des images graphiques ou ultra-sonores, des dessins techniques et des plans d’architecte, ou même les coupes transversales d’un système de chauffage et de plomberie.

Elles vont de pair avec de bonnes aptitudes en maths. De fait, les facilités en maths des enfants en bas âge sont un indice bien plus sûr de leur future réussite scolaire que leur précocité en lecture ou leurs qualités sociales et émotionnelles.

La bonne nouvelle, en ce qui concerne les compétences de raisonnement spatial, c’est qu’elles sont malléables. En d’autres termes, on peut les améliorer en les pratiquant.

Il y a beaucoup d’activités amusantes et faciles que les parents ou éducateurs peuvent faire avec leurs enfants pour les aider à aiguiser ce type de raisonnement. En voici cinq fondées sur les enseignements de la recherche.

Jouer avec des cubes

Alors qu’on sait en général que les jeux de cubes développent la motricité fine, les compétences sociales, linguistiques et cognitives, peu de gens sont conscients qu’ils sont étroitement liés au raisonnement dans l’espace.

Les enfants qui jouent avec des cubes ou des briques de construction ont plus de facilités à se repérer dans l’espace que les autres enfants. Cette activité suppose en effet de savoir gérer une multitude de pièces à tourner, déplacer et repositionner. Les jeux dans lesquels les enfants doivent reproduire une structure donnée à partir d’instructions sont tout particulièrement utiles.

Tout en jouant, on utilise aussi un vocabulaire spécifique – avec des propositions comme « à côté de », « au-dessus de », « en dessous de » – ce qui est important pour élaborer des représentations. En fait, les enfants et les adultes ont beaucoup plus recours à ces expressions dans ce type de jeux que dans les autres, y compris les jeux d’imitation (jouer à la marchande, au prof, au chef cuisinier…;), les jeux avec des figurines ou les jeux de balles.

Développer leur vocabulaire

Le langage est un appui important pour raisonner dans l’espace. Plus les enfants entendent ce vocabulaire spécifique, plus ils l’intégreront. Les enfants qui ont les connaissances les plus étendues dans le domaine sont susceptibles de mieux se repérer dans l’espace en grandissant.

Les parents peuvent contribuer à cette facilité d’expression en utilisant des mots pour décrire les objets d’après :

leurs dimensions (grand, petit, court, large, étroit)

leur forme (cercle, carré, triangle, ovale, rectangle)

leurs propriétés (rond, droit, courbe, pointu)

Quand vous demandez à des enfants de ranger leurs affaires, soyez aussi précis que possible sur les emplacements. Dites-leur par exemple de « jeter la boîte dans la poubelle de recyclage », de « déposer les livres sur l’étagère » ou de « mettre la pâte à modeler à côté du micro-ondes ».

Faire des puzzles

À l’instar de ce qui se passe avec les cubes, il existe des liens bénéfiques entre la pratique des puzzles et l’aptitude à se situer dans l’espace. Les enfants qui font des puzzles ont plus de facilités pour se repérer que ceux qui n’en font pas. Comme dans les jeux de briques, il faut en effet tourner et déplacer simultanément un grand nombre de pièces.

Lorsque des enfants se lancent dans un puzzle, nous pouvons les encourager à persévérer et les aider à imaginer quelles pièces pourraient convenir, soit en se basant sur leurs formes (« il nous faut une pièce avec un bord plat »;), soit en visualisant les éléments manquants de l’image (« nous avons besoin de feuilles couleur vert clair »;).

Assurons-nous aussi que la taille du puzzle n’excède pas leurs capacités – il faut que ce ne soit pas trop facile mais pas trop dur non plus. Combien d’entre nous n’ont-ils pas renoncé à un puzzle de 1 000 pièces représentant pour 800 d’entre elles le ciel ou la mer ?

Utiliser des plans

Des cartes, il y en a tout autour de nous. Elles figurent les liens spatiaux entre les objets dans le monde réel. Les plus jeunes adorent regarder et créer des plans. Des études auprès d’enfants d’âge pré-scolaire ont montré que la consultation et l’usage de plans aidaient les enfants à mieux circuler quand ils doivent se retrouver dans un dédale d’objets.

Des jeux comme les chasses au trésor à partir de cartes et de symboles directionnels (à gauche, à droit, en haut, en bas, vers le nord ou le sud) sont un moyen divertissant d’aider les enfants à raisonner dans l’espace.

Explorer et créer des cartes de toutes sortes, depuis des planisphères aux plans de centres commerciaux, en passant par les plans de quartier, voilà qui aide à comprendre comment le monde qui nous entoure peut se représenter de différentes façons et à différentes échelles. Les cartes à déplier et les cartes numériques comme Google Maps et Google Earth sont de merveilleuses ressources.

Donner de l’importance aux gestes

Beaucoup de gens s’expriment en faisant des gestes, et c’est particulièrement vrai quand ils parlent d’espace, par exemple quand il s’agit d’indiquer des directions.

D’autres recherches montrent que les professions scientifiques et techniques font la part belle aux gestes quand il s’agit de résoudre des problèmes liés à l’espace et que les étudiants exposés à cette gestuelle pendant leur formation s’en sortent mieux face aux tâches à résoudre.

Les enfants devraient être encouragés à se servir de leurs mains quand ils doivent expliquer des mouvements ou indiquer des lieux ou des objets. Et les parents peuvent leur montrer l’exemple.

Traduit de l’anglais par Aurélie Djavadi.

Catégories : Aucun

Publier un commentaire

Oups !

Oops, you forgot something.

Oups !

Les mots que vous avez saisis ne correspondent pas au texte affiché. Veuillez réessayer.

6698 commentaires

Répondre yeezy boost 350 v2
à 7:32 le 12 mai 2021 
Thank you a lot for giving everyone an extraordinarily terrific chance to check tips from this web site. It is usually very enjoyable and as well , packed with a good time for me personally and my office colleagues to visit your website at minimum 3 times per week to read through the newest stuff you have got. Of course, I'm just at all times contented with all the astounding creative ideas you serve. Selected 4 tips in this posting are basically the very best we have ever had.
yeezy boost 350 v2 http://www.yeezy-350.us.com
Répondre golden goose sale
à 7:59 le 12 mai 2021 
Thanks so much for giving everyone remarkably nice possiblity to read in detail from here. It really is very kind and jam-packed with a lot of fun for me and my office mates to visit your site on the least thrice per week to learn the latest guidance you have. Not to mention, I'm just at all times impressed with all the amazing tips and hints you give. Some 1 areas in this post are absolutely the best we have all ever had.
golden goose sale http://www.goldengoosessale.com
Répondre golden goose
à 8:34 le 12 mai 2021 
I'm just writing to let you know of the really good experience my friend's princess found viewing the blog. She picked up such a lot of pieces, including what it's like to possess a wonderful helping heart to have many more with no trouble learn various specialized matters. You really did more than my expected results. Thanks for imparting these powerful, healthy, explanatory and in addition unique tips about the topic to Mary.
golden goose http://www.goldengoose-outlet.us.com
Répondre golden goose sneakers
à 9:23 le 12 mai 2021 
I definitely wanted to post a brief comment to thank you for all of the fabulous secrets you are giving out at this site. My particularly long internet lookup has finally been rewarded with really good know-how to go over with my family members. I would believe that many of us readers actually are unquestionably fortunate to be in a fantastic place with many lovely individuals with very helpful tricks. I feel rather blessed to have discovered your webpage and look forward to tons of more cool moments reading here. Thanks again for a lot of things.
golden goose sneakers http://www.goldengoose-sneakers.us
Répondre ggdb
à 9:38 le 12 mai 2021 
Thank you for your entire labor on this web page. Gloria loves working on internet research and it's really simple to grasp why. We all notice all about the dynamic method you give reliable steps via your blog and even recommend contribution from other individuals on the issue so our daughter is without question discovering a lot of things. Enjoy the remaining portion of the new year. You're performing a fantastic job.
ggdb http://www.golden-gooses.com
Répondre nike lebron 16
à 9:42 le 12 mai 2021 
Thanks for your whole hard work on this web page. Debby take interest in going through research and it's really obvious why. Most people learn all concerning the powerful mode you present useful guidelines on this website and therefore improve participation from other individuals on this area then our favorite princess is truly understanding a lot. Enjoy the rest of the year. Your performing a superb job.
nike lebron 16 http://www.lebron16.us
Répondre supreme clothing
à 11:19 le 12 mai 2021 
Needed to compose you a very little word to help give many thanks over again over the fantastic views you have provided at this time. This is certainly extremely open-handed with people like you giving unreservedly just what many of us would've distributed for an e-book to get some money for themselves, chiefly seeing that you might have tried it in case you wanted. These concepts also acted as the easy way to know that other people online have a similar interest similar to my own to find out lots more regarding this condition. I believe there are many more fun sessions ahead for folks who browse through your website.
supreme clothing http://www.supremeoutlet.us.com
Répondre chrome hearts store
à 11:29 le 12 mai 2021 
My husband and i have been fortunate that Louis could complete his reports via the ideas he got through the weblog. It is now and again perplexing to simply be releasing tactics men and women might have been making money from. Therefore we realize we have you to thank because of that. Most of the explanations you've made, the easy website navigation, the relationships you give support to promote - it's got many astounding, and it is facilitating our son and our family imagine that the article is exciting, which is extraordinarily mandatory. Thank you for all the pieces!
chrome hearts store http://www.chromeheartstoreonline.com
Répondre lebron james shoes
à 14:17 le 12 mai 2021 
I happen to be commenting to let you know what a incredible experience my wife's princess had visiting your web site. She realized a wide variety of things, which included how it is like to have an amazing teaching style to have others smoothly learn certain very confusing subject matter. You truly exceeded her expected results. I appreciate you for churning out such insightful, trusted, informative and in addition fun tips on that topic to Lizeth.
lebron james shoes http://www.lebron18shoes.us
Répondre supreme outlet
à 16:05 le 12 mai 2021 
I enjoy you because of your own hard work on this site. Debby take interest in going through internet research and it is simple to grasp why. All of us learn all concerning the lively manner you make very important suggestions via this website and therefore recommend response from some others on that theme and my child is becoming educated a great deal. Take advantage of the remaining portion of the year. Your doing a good job.
supreme outlet http://www.supreme.us.org
Répondre supreme hoodie
à 16:10 le 12 mai 2021 
I intended to put you one little bit of word so as to thank you the moment again for your personal pleasant ideas you have featured on this page. It's so wonderfully generous with people like you to present extensively exactly what a few individuals could possibly have distributed as an e book in making some money on their own, precisely given that you could have done it if you decided. Those smart ideas also acted to become a fantastic way to fully grasp the rest have similar eagerness much like mine to realize a great deal more on the topic of this condition. I'm sure there are thousands of more pleasant times ahead for individuals that start reading your website.
supreme hoodie http://www.supremes-clothing.com
Répondre kobe sneakers
à 17:27 le 12 mai 2021 
I as well as my guys have already been viewing the nice information on your web page while instantly developed an awful feeling I had not thanked the website owner for them. My ladies became totally glad to see all of them and have without a doubt been tapping into these things. I appreciate you for turning out to be very helpful and then for picking such extraordinary things millions of individuals are really needing to understand about. Our honest apologies for not saying thanks to sooner.
kobe sneakers http://www.kobesneakers.com
Répondre kyrie irving shoes
à 18:13 le 12 mai 2021 
I must show my thanks to you for rescuing me from this dilemma. Because of scouting through the the net and meeting strategies which are not beneficial, I believed my life was done. Being alive without the answers to the issues you've resolved through your good article is a serious case, as well as the ones which might have in a negative way damaged my career if I had not come across your blog post. The knowledge and kindness in maneuvering the whole thing was very helpful. I'm not sure what I would've done if I hadn't discovered such a point like this. I can at this moment relish my future. Thanks a lot very much for the impressive and effective help. I won't think twice to suggest the blog to anybody who requires guidelines on this issue.
kyrie irving shoes http://www.kyrie7shoes.us
Répondre jordan 12
à 18:40 le 12 mai 2021 
I intended to send you that very small remark to finally give thanks over again with your pleasing suggestions you have discussed above. It's simply unbelievably generous of people like you to supply openly all many individuals would've offered as an e book to get some cash for themselves, mostly considering the fact that you might have done it in case you considered necessary. The tricks as well worked as a easy way to be sure that other people have similar passion just as mine to understand lots more pertaining to this problem. I believe there are thousands of more enjoyable sessions up front for many who look over your blog.
jordan 12 http://www.jordan12.us.com
Répondre hermes belt
à 18:51 le 12 mai 2021 
I definitely wanted to jot down a quick remark in order to say thanks to you for those great points you are writing on this website. My extensive internet lookup has at the end of the day been honored with good quality facts and strategies to talk about with my relatives. I would claim that most of us website visitors actually are very lucky to live in a magnificent site with so many brilliant individuals with very beneficial concepts. I feel really lucky to have seen your website page and look forward to really more thrilling moments reading here. Thank you once again for a lot of things.
hermes belt http://www.hermesbelts.com
Répondre jordan 1
à 18:55 le 12 mai 2021 
I actually wanted to make a small word in order to thank you for all of the splendid suggestions you are sharing on this website. My extended internet look up has at the end been rewarded with excellent facts and strategies to share with my friends and family. I would believe that most of us readers actually are extremely endowed to live in a good place with many awesome individuals with useful opinions. I feel extremely privileged to have seen your entire website and look forward to many more thrilling minutes reading here. Thanks a lot again for a lot of things.
jordan 1 http://www.jordan1shoes.us
Répondre off-white
à 1:18 le 13 mai 2021 
I and my buddies were reading the great tips and tricks on the blog and unexpectedly developed a horrible suspicion I never thanked the web site owner for them. All the guys are already so very interested to read through all of them and already have honestly been loving these things. Many thanks for being well kind and then for pick out these kinds of superior tips millions of individuals are really desirous to be informed on. Our own sincere regret for not expressing appreciation to you sooner.
off-white http://www.off--white.us.com
Répondre air jordan
à 1:29 le 13 mai 2021 
I wanted to write you a very small note in order to thank you again for your personal exceptional strategies you've discussed in this case. It was simply particularly open-handed of people like you in giving unreservedly just what many people would have marketed for an ebook to help make some money on their own, even more so considering that you could have done it if you considered necessary. These tricks likewise worked to be a good way to fully grasp some people have the same keenness similar to my personal own to see a whole lot more when it comes to this condition. I believe there are some more pleasant times up front for people who read your blog post.
air jordan http://www.airjordansstore.com
Répondre yeezy 350 v2
à 1:31 le 13 mai 2021 
I am only writing to make you be aware of of the superb encounter my wife's princess gained viewing yuor web blog. She learned such a lot of issues, including how it is like to have an ideal coaching character to let others without difficulty have an understanding of several tortuous issues. You really surpassed her expected results. Thanks for offering those powerful, safe, revealing and as well as easy guidance on your topic to Kate.
yeezy 350 v2 http://www.yeezy350v2s.com
Répondre yeezy
à 1:40 le 13 mai 2021 
I would like to show appreciation to you for bailing me out of this type of issue. After surfing around through the internet and obtaining solutions which were not powerful, I assumed my life was done. Existing devoid of the strategies to the issues you've fixed as a result of your main article content is a crucial case, as well as the kind that might have badly damaged my entire career if I had not encountered your blog post. The mastery and kindness in handling every item was tremendous. I don't know what I would've done if I hadn't come across such a thing like this. I am able to at this point look forward to my future. Thanks for your time so much for your reliable and result oriented help. I won't be reluctant to suggest your web page to any person who desires recommendations about this topic.
yeezy http://www.yeezy-sneakers.us
0