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Cinq façons d'aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l'espace

Publié le 13 août 2019 à 15:40

Cinq façons d’aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l’espace

Auteurs

Kym Simoncini

Assistant Professor in Early Childhood and Primary Education, University of Canberra

Tracy Logan

Assistant Professor, University of Canberra

Les puzzles apprennent aux enfants à jongler avec toute une série de paramètres spatiaux.

Quand nous devons lire un plan, préparer le coffre de la voiture pour les vacances, monter un meuble en kit ou découper un gâteau en parts égales, nous faisons appel à des compétences en raisonnement spatial.

Celles-ci nous permettent de manipuler mentalement des objets ou d’inclure dans nos paramètres de réflexion les notions d’espace, de position, de surface et de taille.

Ce type de raisonnement est important non seulement dans la vie de tous les jours mais également quand on veut embrasser une carrière dans les sciences, la technologie, l’ingénierie ou les maths.

L’aisance d’un enfant en matière de raisonnement spatial est l’un des meilleurs moyens de prédire s’il se tournera vers un métier scientifique ou technique. Ces compétences sont tout particulièrement en jeu dans les emplois où l’on doit par exemple lire et créer des images graphiques ou ultra-sonores, des dessins techniques et des plans d’architecte, ou même les coupes transversales d’un système de chauffage et de plomberie.

Elles vont de pair avec de bonnes aptitudes en maths. De fait, les facilités en maths des enfants en bas âge sont un indice bien plus sûr de leur future réussite scolaire que leur précocité en lecture ou leurs qualités sociales et émotionnelles.

La bonne nouvelle, en ce qui concerne les compétences de raisonnement spatial, c’est qu’elles sont malléables. En d’autres termes, on peut les améliorer en les pratiquant.

Il y a beaucoup d’activités amusantes et faciles que les parents ou éducateurs peuvent faire avec leurs enfants pour les aider à aiguiser ce type de raisonnement. En voici cinq fondées sur les enseignements de la recherche.

Jouer avec des cubes

Alors qu’on sait en général que les jeux de cubes développent la motricité fine, les compétences sociales, linguistiques et cognitives, peu de gens sont conscients qu’ils sont étroitement liés au raisonnement dans l’espace.

Les enfants qui jouent avec des cubes ou des briques de construction ont plus de facilités à se repérer dans l’espace que les autres enfants. Cette activité suppose en effet de savoir gérer une multitude de pièces à tourner, déplacer et repositionner. Les jeux dans lesquels les enfants doivent reproduire une structure donnée à partir d’instructions sont tout particulièrement utiles.

Tout en jouant, on utilise aussi un vocabulaire spécifique – avec des propositions comme « à côté de », « au-dessus de », « en dessous de » – ce qui est important pour élaborer des représentations. En fait, les enfants et les adultes ont beaucoup plus recours à ces expressions dans ce type de jeux que dans les autres, y compris les jeux d’imitation (jouer à la marchande, au prof, au chef cuisinier…;), les jeux avec des figurines ou les jeux de balles.

Développer leur vocabulaire

Le langage est un appui important pour raisonner dans l’espace. Plus les enfants entendent ce vocabulaire spécifique, plus ils l’intégreront. Les enfants qui ont les connaissances les plus étendues dans le domaine sont susceptibles de mieux se repérer dans l’espace en grandissant.

Les parents peuvent contribuer à cette facilité d’expression en utilisant des mots pour décrire les objets d’après :

leurs dimensions (grand, petit, court, large, étroit)

leur forme (cercle, carré, triangle, ovale, rectangle)

leurs propriétés (rond, droit, courbe, pointu)

Quand vous demandez à des enfants de ranger leurs affaires, soyez aussi précis que possible sur les emplacements. Dites-leur par exemple de « jeter la boîte dans la poubelle de recyclage », de « déposer les livres sur l’étagère » ou de « mettre la pâte à modeler à côté du micro-ondes ».

Faire des puzzles

À l’instar de ce qui se passe avec les cubes, il existe des liens bénéfiques entre la pratique des puzzles et l’aptitude à se situer dans l’espace. Les enfants qui font des puzzles ont plus de facilités pour se repérer que ceux qui n’en font pas. Comme dans les jeux de briques, il faut en effet tourner et déplacer simultanément un grand nombre de pièces.

Lorsque des enfants se lancent dans un puzzle, nous pouvons les encourager à persévérer et les aider à imaginer quelles pièces pourraient convenir, soit en se basant sur leurs formes (« il nous faut une pièce avec un bord plat »;), soit en visualisant les éléments manquants de l’image (« nous avons besoin de feuilles couleur vert clair »;).

Assurons-nous aussi que la taille du puzzle n’excède pas leurs capacités – il faut que ce ne soit pas trop facile mais pas trop dur non plus. Combien d’entre nous n’ont-ils pas renoncé à un puzzle de 1 000 pièces représentant pour 800 d’entre elles le ciel ou la mer ?

Utiliser des plans

Des cartes, il y en a tout autour de nous. Elles figurent les liens spatiaux entre les objets dans le monde réel. Les plus jeunes adorent regarder et créer des plans. Des études auprès d’enfants d’âge pré-scolaire ont montré que la consultation et l’usage de plans aidaient les enfants à mieux circuler quand ils doivent se retrouver dans un dédale d’objets.

Des jeux comme les chasses au trésor à partir de cartes et de symboles directionnels (à gauche, à droit, en haut, en bas, vers le nord ou le sud) sont un moyen divertissant d’aider les enfants à raisonner dans l’espace.

Explorer et créer des cartes de toutes sortes, depuis des planisphères aux plans de centres commerciaux, en passant par les plans de quartier, voilà qui aide à comprendre comment le monde qui nous entoure peut se représenter de différentes façons et à différentes échelles. Les cartes à déplier et les cartes numériques comme Google Maps et Google Earth sont de merveilleuses ressources.

Donner de l’importance aux gestes

Beaucoup de gens s’expriment en faisant des gestes, et c’est particulièrement vrai quand ils parlent d’espace, par exemple quand il s’agit d’indiquer des directions.

D’autres recherches montrent que les professions scientifiques et techniques font la part belle aux gestes quand il s’agit de résoudre des problèmes liés à l’espace et que les étudiants exposés à cette gestuelle pendant leur formation s’en sortent mieux face aux tâches à résoudre.

Les enfants devraient être encouragés à se servir de leurs mains quand ils doivent expliquer des mouvements ou indiquer des lieux ou des objets. Et les parents peuvent leur montrer l’exemple.

Traduit de l’anglais par Aurélie Djavadi.

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