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HARCELEMENT SCOLAIRE

Publié le 5 septembre 2018 à 15:15

Environ "un enfant sur dix" est victime de harcèlement scolaire, "12% en primaire, 10% au collège et 3 ou 4% au lycée", a rappelé dimanche 2 septembre sur franceinfo, Catherine Verdier, psychologue et analyste, spécialiste des enfants et adolescents, à la veille de la rentrée scolaire. 12 millions d'écoliers, de collégiens et de lycéens reprennent le chemin de l'école lundi.


"Le harcèlement scolaire ce n'est pas un conflit, ce n'est pas un jeux d'enfants, c'est une violence répétée, continue, de la part d'un ou de plusieurs élèves à l'égard d'un enfant" avec "ce concept, horrible à dire, qui est de nuire", a expliqué la spécialiste. "Au bout d'un moment, les faits, les actes, les paroles vont abîmer la victime qui va finir par perdre l'estime de soi, la confiance en soi", décrit-elle, déplorant qu'il n'y ait pas assez de personnes formées en France pour aider les enfants à sortir de cette situation.

franceinfo : Est-ce qu'on sait combien d'élèves seraient victimes d'harcèlement scolaire en France ?

Catherine Verdier : Les chiffres officiels c'est grosso modo, un enfant sur dix. Il faut savoir qu'il y a 12% de harcèlement scolaire en primaire, 10% au collège et 3 ou 4% au lycée. Le collège étant plutôt caractérisé par le cyber-harcèlement. Le harcèlement scolaire c'est une violence, ce n'est pas un conflit, ce n'est pas un jeux d'enfants, c'est une violence répétée, continue, de la part d'un ou de plusieurs élèves à l'égard d'un enfant. On a une disproportion des forces, c'est-à-dire qu'on a un enfant qui est plus fort qu'un autre qui a du mal à se défendre. Et puis vous avez ce concept, horrible à dire, qui est de nuire. Au bout d'un moment, les faits, les actes, les paroles vont abîmer cet enfant, cette victime qui va finir par perdre l'estime de soi, la confiance en soi. Cette victime va raser les murs, elle ne va plus vouloir aller en cours, elle va être mal et l'agresseur, ou les agresseurs, voient leur travail et ils continuent pourtant, c'est ce qu'on appelle l'intentionnalité ou l'intention de nuire et là, on parle de harcèlement. A sept ans, on peut avoir conscience que le harcèlement fait mal. C'est vrai que la notion de groupe n'est pas complètement établie avant six ou sept ans, donc les statistiques démarrent à partir de 7-8 ans. Au-delà de huit ans, oui, ils savent qu'ils font mal. [Concernant le cyber-harcèlement] parfois certains enfants arrivent à en parler, pouvoir trouver un adulte à qui se confier même si on a honte et peur, il faut absolument en parler effectivement.

Est-ce que les enseignants et les éducateurs sont suffisamment formés et informés pour détecter qu'un enfant est victime d'harcèlement ?

Là-dessus je suis formelle, non. Il n'y a pas assez de gens formés. On a tous les outils en France, on a tout ce qu'il faut pour lutter contre une situation de harcèlement. En particulier la méthode Pikas, qui est une méthode de préoccupation partagée et qui permet de résoudre une situation de harcèlement. On peut en fait un cheval de bataille comme dit le gouvernement mais je crois qu'au-delà de ça, il faut aller vers de la prévention avant que le cyber-harcèlement n'arrive. Il faut éduquer les enfants à ce qu'on appelle les compétences sociales, les compétences psycho-sociales, à savoir se parler, se regarder, s'entendre, s'écouter, à connaître et à reconnaître les émotions de l'autre, ou encore à pouvoir se mettre à la place de quelqu'un d'autre. Il faut savoir que l'empathie par exemple, existe chez les tout-petits, chez les bébés à partir de 18 mois.

Quand on est parent, qu'est-ce qui doit alerter ?

Tout changement brusque de comportement. Un enfant qui était bon élève et qui ne l'est plus, un enfant qui ne veut pas manger ou qui a des problèmes de sommeil, qui ne veut plus aller à l'école ou s'investir dans ses activités qu'il adorait. Dans ces cas-là, il faut s'interroger, ce n'est pas forcément du harcèlement scolaire mais il faut être vigilant et attentif. Il faut essayer d'entrer en communication avec l'enfant, essayer de savoir ce qu'il se passe, aller voir les enseignants éventuellement pour discuter de comment ça se passe en classe, essayer d'avoir un dialogue avec l'école.

Il y a un peu plus d'un an, le gouvernement a mis en place un plan pour lutter contre le harcèlement à l'école avec une journée nationale, une campagne de sensibilisation et un numéro vert, le 3020, est-ce que c'est suffisant ? Que proposez-vous ?

Ce n'est pas suffisant. La preuve, les chiffres ne baissent pas. Selon moi, tant que les directions d'écoles ne prendront pas le problème à bras le corps, tant qu'on nous répètera que le harcèlement c'est dans les écoles voisines, pas chez nous... Il y a une forme de déni sur le sujet, une forme d'impuissance aussi pour ceux qui se rendent compte des choses mais qui ne savent pas quoi faire et puis il y en a certains autres qui prennent le problème à bras le corps. Tant qu'on n'aura pas un discours qui vient d'en haut, un discours clair, un discours de chef de file, chacun fera du bricolage.

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